One day Thomas Edison came home and gave a paper to his mother. He told her, “My teacher gave this paper to me and told me to only give it to my mother.”
His mother’s eyes were tearful as she read the letter out loud to her child: "Your son is a genius. This school is too small for him and doesn’t have enough good teachers for training him. Please teach him yourself."
After many, many years, after Edison’s mother died and he was now one of the greatest inventors of the century, one day he was looking through old family things. Suddenly he saw a folded paper in the corner of a drawer in a desk. He took it and opened it up. On the paper was written: Your son is addled [mentally ill]. We won’t let him come to school any more.
Edison cried for hours and then he wrote in his diary: “Thomas Alva Edison was an addled child that, by a hero mother, became the genius of the century.”
Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands. Endocrine means "the internal secretion of a gland." Another name for them is ductless glands, because they don't send their secretions into ducts but directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are also produced by some organs such as the liver and the kidney, but most of the hormones in the body come from glands. Each of the various hormones produces its own special effect in the body.
In general, the job of the hormones is to regulate the internal activities of the body, such as growth and nutrition, the storage and use of food materials, and the reproductive processes. If the glands produce too much or not enough, a person may have an abnormal physical appearance.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the skull, has two parts. As we know, one hormone produced by one part of this gland has the job of promoting growth. Another part of the pituitary gland produces two hormones which help control our use of water, fat, our blood pressure, and the way we regulate the heat in our body.
There are two important glands located at the upper end of each kidney. One produces a hormone called adrenalin. This hormone is related to blood pressure and reactions to emotion and emergencies. When you become excited or frightened, you produce more of this hormone.
สวัสดีครับ วันนี้อยากนำเสนอเกร็ดความรู้ภาษาอังกฤษ เกี่ยวกับความเป็นมาของ เทคโนโลยี่ซึ่งต้องย้อนไปเมื่อ 3.3 ล้านปีมาแล้ว เทคโนโลยี่มีวิวัฒนาการมาเป็นเวลายาวนานซึ้งน่าศึกษาน่าเรียนรู้มาก มาเรียนรู้ภาษาอังกฤษและเกร็ดความรู้ในตอนที่มีชื่อว่า History of Technology (ฮิสทริ อัฟ เทคนอลโลจี) ประวัติศาตร์เทคโนโลยี่ ไปด้วยกันครับ สามารถดูต้นฉบับได้ที่ https://www.britannica.com/story/history-of-technology-timeline
History of Technology - The first tools wikimedia.org
3.3 million years ago: The first tools
The history of technology begins even before the beginning of our own species. Sharp flakes of stone used as knives and larger unshaped stones used as hammers and anvils have been uncovered at Lake Turkana in Kenya. The tools were made 3.3 million years ago and thus were likely used by an ancestor such as Australopithecus.
History of Technology - First Fire miro.medium.com
1 million years ago: Fire
When humanity first used fire is still not definitively known, but, like the first tools, it was probably invented by an ancestor of Homo sapiens. Evidence of burnt material can be found in caves used by Homo erectus beginning about 1 million (and maybe even 1.5 million) years ago.
History of Technology - Neolithic Revolution wp.com
20,000 to 15,000 years ago: Neolithic Revolution
During the Neolithic Period several key technologies arose together. Humans moved from getting their food by foraging to getting it through agriculture. People came together in larger groups. Clay was used for pottery and bricks. Clothing began to be made of woven fabrics. The wheel was also likely invented at this time.
History of Technology - Irrigation www.irrigationaustralia.com.au
6,000 BCE: Irrigation
The first irrigation systems arose roughly simultaneously in the civilizations of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley in Mesopotamia and the Nile River valley in Egypt. Since irrigation requires an extensive amount of work, it shows a high level of social organization.
The first sailing ships were used on the Nile River. Since the Nile does not allow as much space for free sailing as the ocean, these ships also had oars for navigation.
About this time, the production of iron became widespread as that metal supplanted bronze. Iron was much more abundant than copper and tin, the two metals that make up bronze, and thus put metal tools into more hands than ever before.
Alchemists in China invented gunpowder as a result of their search for life-extending elixirs. It was used to propel rockets attached to arrows. The knowledge of gunpowder spread to Europe in the 13th century.
Nearly 5,000 years after the first sailing ships, the wind was first used to operate a mill. The first windmills were in Persia. They were horizontal windmills in which the blades were set on a vertical shaft. Later, European windmills were of the vertical type. It has been speculated that the windmill may have been invented independently in Persia and in Europe.
ต่อมากังหันลมในยุโรปก็เปลี่ยนเป็นแนวตั้ง (type of wind turbine) มีการสันนิษฐานว่ากังหันลมอาจจะถูกสร้างโดยไม่มีความเกี่ยวของกันระหว่างในเปอร์เซียและยุโรป
History of Technology - First Compass nationalmaglab.org
1044: Compass
The first definitive mention of a magnetic compass dates from a Chinese book finished in 1044. It describes how soldiers found their way by using a fish-shaped piece of magnetized iron floating in a bowl of water when the sky was too cloudy to see the stars.
history of technology - mechanical clock นาฬิการไขลาน pinimg.com
1250–1300: Mechanical clock
Hourglass and water clocks had been around for centuries, but the first mechanical clocks began to appear in Europe toward the end of the 13th century and were used in cathedrals to mark the time when services would be held.
Johannes Gutenberg completed the printing of the Bible, which was the first book printed in the West using movable type. Gutenberg’s printing press led to an information explosion in Europe.
history of technology - steam engine gettyimages.com
1765: Steam engine
James Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine by adding a condenser that turned the steam back into liquid water. This condenser was separate from the cylinder that moved the piston, which meant that the engine was much more efficient. The steam engine became one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.
English engineer Richard Trevithick improved James Watt’s steam engine and used it for transport. He built the first railway locomotive at an ironworks in Wales.
Robert Fulton put the steam engine on water. His steamboat that was eventually called the Clermont took 32 hours to go up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. Sailing ships took four days.
history of technology - first known photograph www.thoughtco.com
1826/27: Photography
In the early 1820s, Nicéphore Niépce became interested in using a light-sensitive solution to make copies of lithographs onto glass, zinc, and finally a pewter plate. He then had the great idea to use his solution to make a copy of an image in a camera obscura (a room or box with a small hole in one end through which an image of the outside is projected). In 1826 or 1827, he made an eight-hour-long exposure of the courtyard of his house, the first known photograph.
For thousands of years, harvesting crops was very labour-intensive. That changed with Cyrus McCormick’s invention of the mechanical reaper. The earliest reaper had some mechanical problems, but later versions spread throughout the world.
เป็นเวลาหลายพันปีแล้วที่การเก็บเกี่ยวพืชผลต้องใช้แรงงานมาก (labour-intensive - noun - อินเทน'ซิฟว | a process or industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods or services.) สิ่งนั้นเปลี่ยนไปด้วยการประดิษฐ์เครื่องเก็บเกี่ยวของไซรัส แมคคอร์มิก เครื่องเก็บเกี่ยวรุ่นแรกสุดมีปัญหาทางกลไก แต่รุ่นหลังๆ ได้แพร่กระหายไปทั่วโลก
history of technology - telegraph allaboutcircuits.com
1844: Telegraph
Samuel Morse was a successful painter who became interested in the possibility of an electric telegraph in the 1830s. He patented a prototype in 1837. In 1844 he sent the first message over the first long-distance telegraph line, which stretched between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. The message: “What hath God wrought.”
Once it was possible to send information through a wire in the form of dots and dashes, the next step was actual voice communication. Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call, on March 10, 1876, when he asked his assistant Tom Watson to come to him: “Mr Watson—come here—I want to see you.”
German engineer Nikolaus Otto built an engine that, unlike the steam engine, used the burning of fuel inside the engine to move a piston. This type of engine would later be used to power automobiles.
history of technology - electric light www.bulbs.com
1879: Electric light
After thousands of trials, American inventor Thomas Edison got a carbon-filament light bulb to burn for 13½ hours. Edison and others in his laboratory were also working on an electrical power distribution system to light homes and businesses, and in 1882 the Edison Electric Illuminating Company opened the first power plant.
history of technology - first automobile www.daimler.com
1885: Automobile
The internal-combustion engine improved, becoming smaller and more efficient. Karl Benz used a one-cylinder engine to power the first modern automobile, a three-wheeled car that he drove around a track. However, the automobile did not make a commercial splash until 1888, when his wife, Bertha, exasperated with Karl’s slow methodical pace, took an automobile without his knowledge on a 64-mile trip to see her mother.
Guglielmo Marconi had been experimenting with radio since 1894 and was sending transmissions over longer and longer distances. In 1901 his reported transmission of the Morse code letter S across the Atlantic from Cornwall to Newfoundland excited the world.
history of technology - airplane airandspace.si.edu
1903: Airplane
On December 17 Orville Wright made the first airplane flight, of 120 feet, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. He and his brother Wilbur made four flights that day. On the last, Wilbur flew 852 feet.
As a young boy in the late 1890s, Robert Goddard was inspired by H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds and the possibilities of space travel. As a middle-aged man in the mid-1920s, he achieved the first test flight of a liquid-fueled rocket, from his aunt’s farm in Auburn, Massachusetts. The rocket flew 12.5 meters (41 feet) in the air.
After the development of radio, the transmission of an image was the next logical step. Early television used a mechanical disk to scan an image. As a teenager in Utah, Philo T. Farnsworth became convinced that a mechanical system would not be able to scan and assemble images multiple times a second. Only an electronic system would do that. In 1922 the 16-year-old Farnsworth worked out a plan for such a system, but it wasn’t until 1927 that he made the first electronic television transmission, a horizontal line.
Iowa State mathematician and physicist John Atanasoff designed the first electronic digital computer. It would use binary numbers (base 2, in which all numbers are expressed with the digits 0 and 1), and its data would be stored in capacitors. In 1939 he and his student Clifford Berry began building the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
As part of the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bomb, it was necessary to understand nuclear reactions in detail. On December 2 underneath the football stands at the University of Chicago, a team of physicists led by Enrico Fermi used uranium to produce the first self-sustaining chain reaction.
On December 23 Bell Labs engineers John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley gave the first public demonstration of the transistor, an electrical component that could control, amplify, and generate current. The transistor was much smaller and used less power than vacuum tubes and ushered in an era of cheap small electronic devices.
The Soviet Union surprised the world on October 4, when it launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, a small 83.6-kg (184.3-pound) metal sphere. The space race began between the Soviet Union and the United States, opening up a new front in the Cold War.
History of Technology - Personal Computer Altair www.i-programmer.info
1974: Personal computer
The first computers that emerged after World War II were gigantic, but, with advances in technology, especially in putting many transistors on a semiconductor chip, computers became both smaller and more powerful. Finally, they became small enough for home use. The first such personal computer was the Altair, which was soon supplanted in 1977 by the Apple II, the TRS-80, and the Commodore PET.
คริสต์ศักราชที่ 1974: กำเนิดคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล
คอมพิวเตอร์เครื่องแรกที่เกิดขึ้นหลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 มีขนาดมหึมา (gigantic - adj - ไจแกน'ทิค) แต่ด้วยความก้าวหน้าทางเทคโนโลยี โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในการวางทรานซิสเตอร์จำนวนมากบนชิปเซมิคอนดักเตอร์ คอมพิวเตอร์มีขนาดเล็กลงและมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น ในที่สุดพวกมันก็เล็กพอสำหรับใช้ในบ้าน คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคลเครื่องแรกคือ Altair ซึ่งต่อมาถูกแทนที่โดย Apple II, TRS-80 และ Commodore PET ในปี 1977
History of Technology - Internet amazonaws.com
1974: Internet
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn produced the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which describes how data can be broken down into smaller pieces called packets and how these packets can be transmitted to the right destination. TCP/IP became the basis for how data is transmitted over the Internet.
American biochemist Jennifer Doudna and French microbiologist Emmanuelle Charpentier developed CRISPR-Cas9, a method for editing genes—that is, making changes to DNA sequences. Gene editing has the potential to treat many diseases but also opens up the ethical gray area of creating designer humans.
The team behind the AlphaGo artificial intelligence program announced that it had become the world’s best Go player. Go is a game with very simple rules but many possible positions. The previous year AlphaGo had defeated the great player Lee Sedol in a match 4–1. AlphaGo then played itself and, through continual improvement, was able to defeat the version that had defeated Lee, 100–0. Through machine learning, AlphaGo had become better at the game than any human.
Nobody looks good when he has some teeth missing. Besides, it sometimes interferes very seriously with eating and chewing. So man decided long ago that when he lost his natural teeth for one reason or another, they should be replaced. Substituting artificial replacements for natural parts in teeth is called "prosthetics."
When the natural teeth are gone, they are replaced either by bridgework or by dentures. In bridgework, the "load" of false teeth is borne natural teeth on either side of the gap. The bridge fits on these natural teeth. In a denture, the false teeth are held in place by resting on the gum and other parts of the mouth under the gum.
It may amaze you to learn that bridges with false teeth were made 3.000 years ago by the Etruscans, who worked with gold! Dentures, including "complete" dentures for people who had no teeth left, have been made for about 300 years. The first problems to be solved in making both bridges and dentures was how to make them stay in the mouth in the right position, and how to make the "baseplate material," the material that held the false teeth modern dentistry has solved both these problems so well that people with false teeth can eat and chew as well as anyone, and the false teeth feel light and natural in the mouth.
But what about the teeth themselves? In early times, false teeth were made from bone, ivory, and hippopotamus tooth! Sometimes the entire bridge or denture was carved from the same material, and it was all one piece that fitted into the mouth. Later on, individual human teeth, or the teeth of various animals, especially the sheep, were used. These were mounted on a gold or ivory base.
At the end of the 18th century, teeth were made of porcelain, and soon individual porcelain teeth were mounted on gold or platinum bases. The materials in making teeth are the same as those used in making other fine porcelain. They have a fine texture, are somewhat translucent, and have great strength.
About 100 years ago false teeth began to be designed to harmonize with the shape of the face. Today, false teeth are matched to natural teeth so closely in color and shape that it is hard to tell them apart!
14 Sleep Mistakes You Didn't Know You Made/14 ความผิดพลาดเกี่ยวกับการนอนที่คุณทำแต่คุณไม่รู้
Picture this: you're exhausted after a long working day, and the only thing you can dream about is throwing yourself on the bed and blacking out. Not gonna happen! Instead, you're tossing and turning, trying to find the most comfortable position. Your mind gets plagued with endless thoughts, and even though you're worn out, sleep keeps eluding you! How come? The reason might be very simple - your seemingly innocent bedtime habits!
Sleep is extremely important for your body. It helps to restore energy, boosts your immune system, fends off depression, and decreases the risk of stroke and heart disease. Lack of proper sleep leads to daytime sleepiness, inability to concentrate, irritation, stress, and even high blood pressure! And if your insomnia drags on, you can get physically or mentally ill! So, try to avoid doing the things mentioned in this video before going to bed, and you'll feel way more rested and energetic in the morning and during the next day!
Stop "watering" your body one hour before you hit the sack. Otherwise, you'll be bound to make one, or even a couple, of trips to the bathroom, which will rudely interrupt your sleep. หยุดดื่มน้ำ 1 ชม ก่อนนอน ไม่เช่นนั้นคุณจะต้องตื่นขึ้นมาเข้าห้องน้ำ ครั้งหรืออาจจะหลายๆครั้ง ซึ่งนั่นจะเป็นการขัดจังหวะการนอนของคุณ
Avoid gimmicky alarm clocks that "shine bright like a diamond in the sky." To wake you up, an alarm clock needs to be loud, not bright. หลีกเลี่ยงการตั้งนาฬิกาปลุกแบบ มีแสงสว่างดุจดั่งแสงแห่งเพรชบนท้องฟ้า นาฬากาปลุกต้องมีเสียงที่ดังไม่ใช่มีความสว่าง
It's a bad idea to eat right before going to bed, even if your dinner is light. Your body will still struggle to digest whatever you've fed it. Try not to eat anything 2 to 3 hours before bedtime. เป็นความคิดที่แย่หากจะกินอาหารแล้วเข้านอนเลย ถึงแม้จะเป็นอาหารเย็นมื้อที่ไม่หนัก ร่างการคุณยังจะต้องพยายามอย่างหนักที่จะย่อยสิ่งที่คุณกินเข้าไป พยายามอย่ากินอะไรเลย 2-3 ชม ก่อนเวลาเข้านอน
Any rigorous physical activity late at night will negatively affect your sleep. Try to exercise at least 4 hours before going to bed. กิจกรรมหนักๆต่างๆตอนดึกๆจะทำมีผลต่อการนอนของคุณ พยายามออกกำลังกาย ก่อนเวลาเข้านอนอย่างน้อย 4 ชม.
Napping is an entirely normal, and often healthy, routine. But if your naps are regular and last longer than half an hour, they can mess up your sleep at night. การงีบหลับเป็นกิจวัตรประจำที่ปกติ และดีต่อสุขภาพ แต่ถ้าการงีบหลับของคุณเกิดขึ้นเป็นประจำและ(การงีบหลับ)นานกว่าครึ่งชั่วโมง นั่นจะทำมีผลที่ไม่ดีกับการนอนในตอนกลางคืนของคุณ
By buying a good, high-quality mattress, you literally invest in your bright (and healthy) future. การซื้อฟูกที่ดีและมีคุณภาพสูง คุณได้ลงทุนให้กับอนาคตที่สดใสและมีสุขภาพดี
Thousands of people deal with stress and insomnia with the help of over-the-counter sleep aids. But it's not the best idea. Your body will most likely develop a tolerance to sleep medications; and pretty soon, they won't have any effect on you. ผู้คนนับพันต้องจัดการกับความเคลียดและโรคนอนไม่หลับ โดยใช้ยา (over-the-counter sleep aids = sleeping pill ใน context นี้) แต่นั่นไม่ใช่ความคิดที่ดีเลย ส่วนใหญ่แล้ว (most likely) ร่างกายของคุณจะพัฒนาที่จะต่อต่านยานอนหลับ และในไม่ช้า ยานอนหลับจะไม่ได้ผล
If the book you're reading is interesting, it's next to impossible to put it aside. You're more likely to keep reading until you finish it at the expense of healthy rest. ถ้าหนังสือที่คุณกำลังอ่านน่าสนใจ และอ่านแล้ววางไม่ลง มีโอกาสมากที่คุณจะอ่านจนจบ แลกมากับการที่ไม่ได้พักผ่อนที่พอเพียง
When it comes to sleep, it's crucial to have a routine and, even more importantly, stick to it. เวลาที่ต้องเข้านอน ต้องมีเวลาที่แน่นอนอย่างมากและสำคัญยิ่งที่ต้องให้ตรงตามเวลาที่กำหนดไว้
You might be waking up with a sore back, red eyes, and a painful neck just because you haven't found the proper sleeping position yet! คุณอาจจะตื่นขึ้นมาพร้อมกับการปวดหลัง เจ็บตา หรือเจ็บต้นคอ ถ้าหากยังหาท่านอนทีเหมาะสมไม่ได้
The majority of people can't avoid thinking about work-related problems, to-do lists, and bills to pay before falling asleep. Unfortunately, these thoughts usually cause anxiety, which makes the quality of sleep way worse. คนโดยส่วนใหญ่ไม่สามารถหลีกเลี่ยงการคิดถึงปัญหาการทำงาน เรื่องที่ต้องทำ รายการที่ต้องจ่าย เป็นที่น่าเสียดาบที่การคิดเหล่านี้เป็นที่มาของความวิตกกังวล (anxiety - noun - แองไซ'อิที)
If your feet tend to get cold at nighttime, remember to put on a pair of warm socks before going to bed. เท้าของคุณมักจะเย็นในตอนดึก อย่าลืมที่จะสวมถุงเท้าทำให้เท้าอุ่นก่อนเข้านอน
Do NOT drink coffee after 7 PM. I agree, it may sound a bit too obvious, but then you tell yourself that one tiny cup of espresso won't hurt, and there it goes อย่าดื่มกาแฟหลังหนึ่งทุ่ม ผมว่าที่มันเป็นเหตุผลที่ค่อนข่างชัดเจน แต่แล้วคุณก็บอกตัวเองว่าอีกซักถ้วยคงไม่เป็นไร และนั้นแหละเป็นจุดเริ่มต้น
ก่อนที่จะพาเขารกเข้าพงจนหาทางกลับไม่เจอ เรากลับมาที่เกร็ดความรู้ที่ว่า why do we perspire? หรือ why do we sweat? ทำไมเหงื่อเราถึงออก ที่จั่วหัวไว้ก่อนดีกว่า เคยสงสัยกันไหมครับว่ามีสาเหตุอะไรบ้าง ที่ทำให้เราเหงื่อออก อาจจะเดาๆกันได้บ้าง แต่ลองมาดูเหตุผลลึกๆเชิงวิทยาศาตร์ซิว่าร่างกายเราทำงานยังไงก่อนที่จะผลิดเหงือออกมา
WHY DO WE PERSPIRE?
The body could be considered a permanent furnace. The food we take in is "fuel," which the body "burns up." In this process, about 2,500 calories are being used every day in the body.
Now this is quite a bit of heat. It's enough heat to bring 25 quarts of water to the boiling point! What happens to all this heat in the body? If there were no temperature controls in the body, we could certainly think of ourselves as "hot stuff." But we all know that the heat of the body doesn't go up (unless we're sick). We know that our body heat remains at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Perspiration is one of the ways we keep our body "furnace" at a nice normal temperature. Actually, our body temperature is controlled by a center in the brain known as the temperature center. It consists of three parts: a control center, a heating center, and a cooling center.
Suppose the temperature of the blood drops for some reason. The heating center goes to work and certain things begin to happen. Special glands give out more chemical substances to burn, the muscles and the liver use up more "fuel," and soon our internal temperature rises.
Now suppose the temperature of the blood rises for some reason. The cooling center goes to work. The process of oxidation, or burning up of fuel, is slowed up. And another important thing happens. The vessels in the skin are dilated, or opened, so that the extra heat can radiate away, and also to help our perspiration to evaporate.
When a liquid evaporates, it takes away heat. For example, we feel cold after a bath because the water which remains in contact with our warm skin is evaporating rapidly and cooling us off. So perspiration is part of the process of cooling the body.
Perspiration is like a shower which washes the body from within. The fluid flows out through millions of tiny openings in the skin in the form of microscopic drops. And these tiny drops can evaporate quickly and cool the body quickly when necessary.
On humid days, we suffer because the water on our skin can't evaporate easily. So we use fans to carry away the moist air and to help the evaporation of our perspiration.
:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/first-photograph-2673939-5b0840770e23d90036127dd6.jpg "history of technology - first known photograph")
:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/McCormick-Reaper-litho-3000-3x2gty-56a48a245f9b58b7d0d77177.jpg "history of technology - reaper")
.jpg "history of technology - telephone")
