Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands. Endocrine means "the internal secretion of a gland." Another name for them is ductless glands, because they don't send their secretions into ducts but directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are also produced by some organs such as the liver and the kidney, but most of the hormones in the body come from glands. Each of the various hormones produces its own special effect in the body.
In general, the job of the hormones is to regulate the internal activities of the body, such as growth and nutrition, the storage and use of food materials, and the reproductive processes. If the glands produce too much or not enough, a person may have an abnormal physical appearance.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the skull, has two parts. As we know, one hormone produced by one part of this gland has the job of promoting growth. Another part of the pituitary gland produces two hormones which help control our use of water, fat, our blood pressure, and the way we regulate the heat in our body.
There are two important glands located at the upper end of each kidney. One produces a hormone called adrenalin. This hormone is related to blood pressure and reactions to emotion and emergencies. When you become excited or frightened, you produce more of this hormone.
สวัสดีครับ วันนี้อยากนำเสนอเกร็ดความรู้ภาษาอังกฤษ เกี่ยวกับความเป็นมาของ เทคโนโลยี่ซึ่งต้องย้อนไปเมื่อ 3.3 ล้านปีมาแล้ว เทคโนโลยี่มีวิวัฒนาการมาเป็นเวลายาวนานซึ้งน่าศึกษาน่าเรียนรู้มาก มาเรียนรู้ภาษาอังกฤษและเกร็ดความรู้ในตอนที่มีชื่อว่า History of Technology (ฮิสทริ อัฟ เทคนอลโลจี) ประวัติศาตร์เทคโนโลยี่ ไปด้วยกันครับ สามารถดูต้นฉบับได้ที่ https://www.britannica.com/story/history-of-technology-timeline
History of Technology - The first tools wikimedia.org
3.3 million years ago: The first tools
The history of technology begins even before the beginning of our own species. Sharp flakes of stone used as knives and larger unshaped stones used as hammers and anvils have been uncovered at Lake Turkana in Kenya. The tools were made 3.3 million years ago and thus were likely used by an ancestor such as Australopithecus.
History of Technology - First Fire miro.medium.com
1 million years ago: Fire
When humanity first used fire is still not definitively known, but, like the first tools, it was probably invented by an ancestor of Homo sapiens. Evidence of burnt material can be found in caves used by Homo erectus beginning about 1 million (and maybe even 1.5 million) years ago.
History of Technology - Neolithic Revolution wp.com
20,000 to 15,000 years ago: Neolithic Revolution
During the Neolithic Period several key technologies arose together. Humans moved from getting their food by foraging to getting it through agriculture. People came together in larger groups. Clay was used for pottery and bricks. Clothing began to be made of woven fabrics. The wheel was also likely invented at this time.
History of Technology - Irrigation www.irrigationaustralia.com.au
6,000 BCE: Irrigation
The first irrigation systems arose roughly simultaneously in the civilizations of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley in Mesopotamia and the Nile River valley in Egypt. Since irrigation requires an extensive amount of work, it shows a high level of social organization.
The first sailing ships were used on the Nile River. Since the Nile does not allow as much space for free sailing as the ocean, these ships also had oars for navigation.
About this time, the production of iron became widespread as that metal supplanted bronze. Iron was much more abundant than copper and tin, the two metals that make up bronze, and thus put metal tools into more hands than ever before.
Alchemists in China invented gunpowder as a result of their search for life-extending elixirs. It was used to propel rockets attached to arrows. The knowledge of gunpowder spread to Europe in the 13th century.
Nearly 5,000 years after the first sailing ships, the wind was first used to operate a mill. The first windmills were in Persia. They were horizontal windmills in which the blades were set on a vertical shaft. Later, European windmills were of the vertical type. It has been speculated that the windmill may have been invented independently in Persia and in Europe.
ต่อมากังหันลมในยุโรปก็เปลี่ยนเป็นแนวตั้ง (type of wind turbine) มีการสันนิษฐานว่ากังหันลมอาจจะถูกสร้างโดยไม่มีความเกี่ยวของกันระหว่างในเปอร์เซียและยุโรป
History of Technology - First Compass nationalmaglab.org
1044: Compass
The first definitive mention of a magnetic compass dates from a Chinese book finished in 1044. It describes how soldiers found their way by using a fish-shaped piece of magnetized iron floating in a bowl of water when the sky was too cloudy to see the stars.
history of technology - mechanical clock นาฬิการไขลาน pinimg.com
1250–1300: Mechanical clock
Hourglass and water clocks had been around for centuries, but the first mechanical clocks began to appear in Europe toward the end of the 13th century and were used in cathedrals to mark the time when services would be held.
Johannes Gutenberg completed the printing of the Bible, which was the first book printed in the West using movable type. Gutenberg’s printing press led to an information explosion in Europe.
history of technology - steam engine gettyimages.com
1765: Steam engine
James Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine by adding a condenser that turned the steam back into liquid water. This condenser was separate from the cylinder that moved the piston, which meant that the engine was much more efficient. The steam engine became one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.
English engineer Richard Trevithick improved James Watt’s steam engine and used it for transport. He built the first railway locomotive at an ironworks in Wales.
Robert Fulton put the steam engine on water. His steamboat that was eventually called the Clermont took 32 hours to go up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. Sailing ships took four days.
history of technology - first known photograph www.thoughtco.com
1826/27: Photography
In the early 1820s, Nicéphore Niépce became interested in using a light-sensitive solution to make copies of lithographs onto glass, zinc, and finally a pewter plate. He then had the great idea to use his solution to make a copy of an image in a camera obscura (a room or box with a small hole in one end through which an image of the outside is projected). In 1826 or 1827, he made an eight-hour-long exposure of the courtyard of his house, the first known photograph.
For thousands of years, harvesting crops was very labour-intensive. That changed with Cyrus McCormick’s invention of the mechanical reaper. The earliest reaper had some mechanical problems, but later versions spread throughout the world.
เป็นเวลาหลายพันปีแล้วที่การเก็บเกี่ยวพืชผลต้องใช้แรงงานมาก (labour-intensive - noun - อินเทน'ซิฟว | a process or industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods or services.) สิ่งนั้นเปลี่ยนไปด้วยการประดิษฐ์เครื่องเก็บเกี่ยวของไซรัส แมคคอร์มิก เครื่องเก็บเกี่ยวรุ่นแรกสุดมีปัญหาทางกลไก แต่รุ่นหลังๆ ได้แพร่กระหายไปทั่วโลก
history of technology - telegraph allaboutcircuits.com
1844: Telegraph
Samuel Morse was a successful painter who became interested in the possibility of an electric telegraph in the 1830s. He patented a prototype in 1837. In 1844 he sent the first message over the first long-distance telegraph line, which stretched between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. The message: “What hath God wrought.”
Once it was possible to send information through a wire in the form of dots and dashes, the next step was actual voice communication. Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call, on March 10, 1876, when he asked his assistant Tom Watson to come to him: “Mr Watson—come here—I want to see you.”
German engineer Nikolaus Otto built an engine that, unlike the steam engine, used the burning of fuel inside the engine to move a piston. This type of engine would later be used to power automobiles.
history of technology - electric light www.bulbs.com
1879: Electric light
After thousands of trials, American inventor Thomas Edison got a carbon-filament light bulb to burn for 13½ hours. Edison and others in his laboratory were also working on an electrical power distribution system to light homes and businesses, and in 1882 the Edison Electric Illuminating Company opened the first power plant.
history of technology - first automobile www.daimler.com
1885: Automobile
The internal-combustion engine improved, becoming smaller and more efficient. Karl Benz used a one-cylinder engine to power the first modern automobile, a three-wheeled car that he drove around a track. However, the automobile did not make a commercial splash until 1888, when his wife, Bertha, exasperated with Karl’s slow methodical pace, took an automobile without his knowledge on a 64-mile trip to see her mother.
Guglielmo Marconi had been experimenting with radio since 1894 and was sending transmissions over longer and longer distances. In 1901 his reported transmission of the Morse code letter S across the Atlantic from Cornwall to Newfoundland excited the world.
history of technology - airplane airandspace.si.edu
1903: Airplane
On December 17 Orville Wright made the first airplane flight, of 120 feet, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. He and his brother Wilbur made four flights that day. On the last, Wilbur flew 852 feet.
As a young boy in the late 1890s, Robert Goddard was inspired by H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds and the possibilities of space travel. As a middle-aged man in the mid-1920s, he achieved the first test flight of a liquid-fueled rocket, from his aunt’s farm in Auburn, Massachusetts. The rocket flew 12.5 meters (41 feet) in the air.
After the development of radio, the transmission of an image was the next logical step. Early television used a mechanical disk to scan an image. As a teenager in Utah, Philo T. Farnsworth became convinced that a mechanical system would not be able to scan and assemble images multiple times a second. Only an electronic system would do that. In 1922 the 16-year-old Farnsworth worked out a plan for such a system, but it wasn’t until 1927 that he made the first electronic television transmission, a horizontal line.
Iowa State mathematician and physicist John Atanasoff designed the first electronic digital computer. It would use binary numbers (base 2, in which all numbers are expressed with the digits 0 and 1), and its data would be stored in capacitors. In 1939 he and his student Clifford Berry began building the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
As part of the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bomb, it was necessary to understand nuclear reactions in detail. On December 2 underneath the football stands at the University of Chicago, a team of physicists led by Enrico Fermi used uranium to produce the first self-sustaining chain reaction.
On December 23 Bell Labs engineers John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley gave the first public demonstration of the transistor, an electrical component that could control, amplify, and generate current. The transistor was much smaller and used less power than vacuum tubes and ushered in an era of cheap small electronic devices.
The Soviet Union surprised the world on October 4, when it launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, a small 83.6-kg (184.3-pound) metal sphere. The space race began between the Soviet Union and the United States, opening up a new front in the Cold War.
History of Technology - Personal Computer Altair www.i-programmer.info
1974: Personal computer
The first computers that emerged after World War II were gigantic, but, with advances in technology, especially in putting many transistors on a semiconductor chip, computers became both smaller and more powerful. Finally, they became small enough for home use. The first such personal computer was the Altair, which was soon supplanted in 1977 by the Apple II, the TRS-80, and the Commodore PET.
คริสต์ศักราชที่ 1974: กำเนิดคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล
คอมพิวเตอร์เครื่องแรกที่เกิดขึ้นหลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 มีขนาดมหึมา (gigantic - adj - ไจแกน'ทิค) แต่ด้วยความก้าวหน้าทางเทคโนโลยี โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในการวางทรานซิสเตอร์จำนวนมากบนชิปเซมิคอนดักเตอร์ คอมพิวเตอร์มีขนาดเล็กลงและมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น ในที่สุดพวกมันก็เล็กพอสำหรับใช้ในบ้าน คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคลเครื่องแรกคือ Altair ซึ่งต่อมาถูกแทนที่โดย Apple II, TRS-80 และ Commodore PET ในปี 1977
History of Technology - Internet amazonaws.com
1974: Internet
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn produced the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which describes how data can be broken down into smaller pieces called packets and how these packets can be transmitted to the right destination. TCP/IP became the basis for how data is transmitted over the Internet.
American biochemist Jennifer Doudna and French microbiologist Emmanuelle Charpentier developed CRISPR-Cas9, a method for editing genes—that is, making changes to DNA sequences. Gene editing has the potential to treat many diseases but also opens up the ethical gray area of creating designer humans.
The team behind the AlphaGo artificial intelligence program announced that it had become the world’s best Go player. Go is a game with very simple rules but many possible positions. The previous year AlphaGo had defeated the great player Lee Sedol in a match 4–1. AlphaGo then played itself and, through continual improvement, was able to defeat the version that had defeated Lee, 100–0. Through machine learning, AlphaGo had become better at the game than any human.